http://www.upperplumbers.co.uk/plumbing/plumbing_pages.php?title=Toilets&cat=9
http://www.homerepaircorner.ca/plumbingtoiletclog.html
Quite often the terms “soil” and “waste” are used to describe the type of material conveyed by a pipe. Soil stacks carry waste liquids and solids while waste pipes convey material from any building fixture other than a water closet or toilet.
Horizontal branch piping is used to convey wastes from fixtures throughout a building to a waste or discharge stack, and its design is very important in maintaining an uninterrupted flow.
Each branch connection to the discharge stack should have a long turn elbow that meets the vertical stack at a vertical angle of 45 degrees. All horizontal piping should have an adequate slope and size to maintain a minimum flow velocity of 0.6 metres per second (2 feet per second) so that the solids are always kept in suspension to prevent pipe blockage.
All branch lines must be designed properly and be of sufficient size so that they are only partially filled with waste material and water. This prevents formation of a hydrostatic head (pressure) near the stack that could prevent flow of waste from a fixture.
The slope or gradient of branch piping, expressed in millimetres per metre (inches per foot), depends on the size of horizontal piping.
Piping 76mm (3 inches) or less in diameter should have a minimum gradient of 21 mm per metre (2.5 inches per 10 foot) toward the stack.
Larger horizontal piping should be installed with a slope of not less than 11 mm per metre (1.25 inches per 10 foot).
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